The Syrian airfield prepare for reception of military aircraft of China
The latest news about fast emergence in borders of Syria of navy of China encouraged Syrians and res[...]
The Role of Government
At the beginning of the space age, while it assumed complete control of space activities, the government partnered with private industry to provide for the nation the best and safest space program in the world. As space technology and experience evolved, the government once again stepped aside as the commercial opportunities manifested themselves, and during the Reagan years it invited the great American enterprise system to take over. American business and technology
have responded in a resounding fashion, as the launch industry has promoted the evolution of new markets. At first these markets were communications, requiring communication satellites, then came direct television, bringing satellite television into homes, then came data services, and then satellite radio. The commercial remote sensing industry was born, and with all of these came the need for more satellites and ground – support equipment.
The federal government has now shifted from providing the only launch capability in the country to becoming a customer for private commercial launch providers. The current heavy-lift evolved expendable launch vehicles, the Delta IV and Atlas V rockets, were developed hand in glove with government space programs. Now government has provided a program of funding for the private development of reusable launch and spacecraft systems of different kinds. The enabling statutes and programs discussed above have set the private enterprise system on course to provide the future of American space flight. The primary missing link at the beginning of 2013 is a definitive national space policy. The orderly progression of exploration for the nation of the “fourth environment” of space.37 [26] [27]
7. It is known that several score of the 1,750 copies of Goddard’s 1920 Smithsonian Report did reach Europe.
8. The F. A.I. awarded Amelia Earhart a “flying certificate" before the U. S. began licensing pilots. See Chapter 13.
9. The Van Allen radiation belts are bands of trapped plasma (charged particles) radiation that surround the earth along the magnetic field. The belts are closely related to the aurora borealis and are capable of damaging earth satellites.
10. Formed in 1915, we first encountered NACA back in Chapter 9.
11. For instance, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) is a specialized agency of the U. N. Refer to Chapter 37 for the discussion on the creation of ICAO as a result of the Chicago Convention of 1944.
12. The three-mile limit was established by custom and acceptance because that was the distance that a nation could defend its territory from shore by the use of cannon in the 18th century. By the middle of the 20th century, most maritime nations claimed a 12-mile limit in order to extract mineral resources, to protect fish stocks, and as a means to enforce pollution controls.
13. The Soviets shot down the U. S. U-2 reconnaissance aircraft flown by Francis Gary Powers over Soviet territory on May 1, 1960.
14. Grotius was a Dutch philosopher and legal theorist who became known as the “father of international law.”
15. At various times, a few nations have attempted to lay claim to the high seas. The Romans claimed the waters of the Mediterranean Sea, the English claimed the North Sea and the English Channel, and Denmark claimed the Baltic Sea. None of these claims could be sustained.
16. COPUOS has never adopted a legal or a scientific definition for “outer space.” The scientific evidence is that the maximum altitude of stable aerodynamic flight is considerably lower than the minimum altitude for stable orbital flight. This band of “no man’s land” is so wide that a specific altitude denoting the boundary between the atmosphere and outer space would necessarily have to be arbitrary.
17. Refer to Chapter 37 for a review of the Chicago Convention.
18. The South American country of Colombia, on behalf of equatorial states, in 1975 claimed sovereignty over a 5.5 degree segment of the geostationary orbit (GSO).
The GSO is the circular orbit in which a spacecraft has an orbital period exactly equal to the period of rotation of the earth. This period, 23 hours, 56 minutes, allows the spacecraft to remain in the same place relative to the earth at all times. The claims of the equatorial countries have been rejected by COPUOS.
19. Uranium 235 and Plutonium 239 are the most practical fuels for space reactors. U-235 is much less harmful than Plutonium 239.
20. The U. S., Canada, Japan, the Russian Federation, and 11 Member States of the European Union (Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom).
21. ESA, the European Space Agency; CSA, the Canadian Space Agency; RKA, the Russian Federal Space Agency; and JAXA, the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency
22. NASA contracted with the Brazilian space agency, AEB, for the use of Brazilian equipment on board ISS.
23. For more complete information on all NASA manned space missions see http://history. nasa. gov/humansp. html.
24. Much of the information and text used in this synopsis of the Apollo Program comes from the Apollo Program Summary Report, NASA History Program Office, Part 1 and Part 2, pages і to 2-28 and 2-29 to 3-32, available from the NASA website.
25. Report of the Columbia Accident Investigation Board, from which much of the information of the Shuttle Story is taken.
26. Quoted, John M. Logsdon, “Return to Flight: Richard H. Truly and the Recovery from the Challenger Accident.”
27. Columbia Accident Investigation Board, V. 1, Chapter 9, p. 211, CAIB_medres_full[l].pdf.
28. Nature, Volume 472, Issue 7341, April 2011.
29. The NRO is an agency of the Department of Defense and builds and operates the nation’s reconnaissance satellites.
30. A geostationary orbit must first be geosynchronous, that is, equal to the earth’s rotational period. The difference is that a geosynchronous orbit may or may not be in the equatorial plane. If it is not, it will appear to move above and below the equator (changing latitude location) as viewed from earth, although it will remain at the same line of longitude at all times. A geostationary satellite, however, will remain in the equatorial plane at all times and over the same point on earth at all times. Geostationary satellites have a zero inclination. These two types of orbits are often referred to interchangeably, but incorrectly.
31. NGSO or NGEO satellites are all satellites not in GSO or GEO. LEO satellites orbit from lowest achievable orbit to about 2,400 km, medium earth orbit (MEO) satellites orbit from 2,400 km to GSO.
32. See Figure 41-7 for a full list of launch service providers.
33. The X Prize is titled after Anousheh Ansari, a female Iranian who immigrated to the United States as a teenager, unable to speak English. She gained financial success through her own superior efforts in the computer and technology fields, founding Telecom Technologies in 2001. She became a member of the X Prize Foundation Vision Circle, and in 2006 became the first female private space explorer when she traveled to the International Space Station as part of the Expedition 14 crew.
34. Neil Armstrong was the first human to stand on the moon. Jim Lovell, also on the Apollo 11 crew, was the second.
35. As reported by Fox News on July 5, 2010.
36. http://www. foxnews. com/politics/2010/07/05/ nasa-chief-frontier-better-relations-muslims/ #ixzz24sPua6tq
37. The first “environments" three are land, sea, and air.