. Trend of development

A number of launch vehicles designed on the basis of the Energia launch vehicle. They use the same elements (modules, engines, etc.), which substantially reduces the time frame of their development.

Transportation of the Energia-M launch vehicle is accomplished on the transport-erecting assembly of the Energia launch vehicle.

The Energia-M launch vehicle erected on the versatile stand- start complex.

The Energia-M launch vehicle. It includes two first stage Energia side modules and a shortened central module with one engine. The payload is located under the nose fairing above the central module.

External Propulsion

Biotechnological module

USM № 2

Solar panels

Technology module

One version of the proposed permanently operating Mir-2 modular-type complex.

A mock-up of the versatile space platform.

Mass payload module. T Onboard power plant capacity. kW total allocated to payload module Onboard antenna tracking accuracy Orbital position accuracy, …• Service life, years

Mass KA. KG Mass payload module. KG Onboard power plant capacity. kW total allocated to payload module Onboard antenna tracking accuracy Service life, years

90-100 70 £-7

Mass KA. KG Mass payload module. KG Onboard power plant capacity, kW total

allocated to payload module Onboard antenna tracking accuracy Orbital position accuracy, …• Service life, years

Proposed designs for the Globis, Signal andYamal satellite communication system components.

Artist’s con­cept of the US Space Shuttle docked to the Mir orbital sta­tion.

Artist’s con­cept of the completed International space station.

The Yamal satellites have a communications payload of 12 C-band transponders (built by Space Systems/Loral) and are equipped with Fakel SPD-70 plasma thrusters for inclination control.

TheYamal 102 communications satellite. The first Yamal satellite was launched on September 6, 1999.The Yamal satellites were built for AO Gazcom of Moscow, a joint venture of Energia and RAO Gazprom, the Russian natural gas company.

One version of the sea-based launchers studied (above).

Testing of a sea-based missile launcher.